GET RID OF YOUR ACCENT, PART I Linda James and Olga Smith 2025-05-08 Last updated on 2025-06-06 GET RID OF YOUR ACCENT, PART ITHE ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION AND ARTICULATION TRAINING MANUALContents1.Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11.1.What is an accent? ..................................................................................................... 11.2.Why do we speak with different accents? ............................................................................. 11.3.Is it important to have good pronunciation? .......................................................................... 21.4.Is it possible to reduce or eliminate an accent? ....................................................................... 21.5.Why Received Pronunciation? ......................................................................................... 31.6.Why we wrote this book ............................................................................................... 41.7.Three things that make our book special ............................................................................. 41.8.Methodology used in this book ........................................................................................ 41.9.English spelling and pronunciation ................................................................................... 51.10.Who this book is for .................................................................................................. 62.Method of learning ............................................................................................................ 82.1.Explanation of the method of learning ................................................................................ 93.Long vowels (5) ............................................................................................................... 133.1.Lesson 1: The [a:] sound as in “car” .................................................................................. 133.2.Lesson 2: The [u:] sound as in “beauty” .............................................................................. 173.3.Lesson 3: The [ɔː] sound as in “horse” ............................................................................... 213.4.Lesson 4: The [i:] sound as in “feet” .................................................................................. 243.5.Lesson 5: The [3:] sound as in “third” ................................................................................ 274.Short vowels (7) .............................................................................................................. 304.1.Lesson 6: The [ə] neutral vowel (schwa) as in “banana” ............................................................ 304.2.Lesson 7: The [i] sound as in “pit” ................................................................................... 354.3.Lesson 8: Comparison [ə] - [ɪ] and [ɪ] - [i:] .......................................................................... 394.4.Lesson 9: The [ʌ] sound as in “duck” ................................................................................. 434.5.Lesson 10: The [ɒ] sound as in “box” ................................................................................ 474.6.Lesson 11: Comparison [ɒ] - [ɔː] and [ɒ] - [ʌ] ....................................................................... 504.7.Lesson 12: The [e] sound as in “pen” ................................................................................. 534.8.Lesson 13: The [u] sound as in “book” ............................................................................... 574.9.Lesson 14: Comparison [u] and [u:] .................................................................................. 604.10.Lesson 15: The [æ] sound as in “cat” ................................................................................ 625.Diphthongs (8) ............................................................................................................... 665.1.Lesson 16: Diphthong [əʊ] as in “home” ............................................................................. 665.2.Lesson 17: Diphthong [eɪ] as in “cake” ............................................................................... 695.3.Lesson 18: Diphthong [ɔɪ] as in “boy” ................................................................................ 725.4.Lesson 19: Diphthong [ɪə] as in “dear” ............................................................................... 765.5.Lesson 20: Diphthong [aɪ] as in “bride” .............................................................................. 795.6.Lesson 21: Diphthong [ʊə] as in “poor” and triphthong [jʊə] as in “fewer” ....................................... 835.7.Lesson 22: Diphthong [eə] as in “care” ............................................................................... 865.8.Lesson 23: Diphthong [aʊ] as in “cow” .............................................................................. 906.Semi-Vowels (2) .............................................................................................................. 936.1.Lesson 24: Semi-vowel [j] as in “yacht” .............................................................................. 936.2.Lesson 25: Semi-vowel [w] as in “want” ............................................................................. 977.Plosive Consonants (6) ...................................................................................................... 1027.1.Lesson 26: Plosive consonants unvoiced [p] as in “pack” and voiced [b] as in “big” ............................. 1027.2.Lesson 27: Plosive consonants unvoiced [t] as in “tent” and voiced [d] as in “dog” .............................. 1107.3.Lesson 28: Plosive consonants unvoiced [k] as in “kind” and voiced [g] as in “gloss” ............................ 1168.Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2) .............................................................................. 1238.1.Lesson 29: Nasal consonant [m] as in “monk” ...................................................................... 1238.2.Lesson 30: Nasal consonants [n] as in “nun” ....................................................................... 1278.3.Lesson 31: Nasal consonants [ŋ] as in “king” ....................................................................... 1308.4.Lesson 32: Nasal plosions [tn̩] as in “cotton” and [dn̩] as in “garden” ............................................. 1339.Lateral Consonants (1) and Lateral Plosions (2) ........................................................................... 1389.1.Lesson 33: Lateral consonant [l] as in “London” ................................................................... 1389.2.Lesson 34: Lateral plosions [tl̩] as in “little” and [dl̩] as in “candle” ............................................... 14110.Fricative consonants (10) .................................................................................................. 14510.1.Lesson 35: Fricative consonants unvoiced [f] as in “fun” and voiced [v] as in “value” .......................... 14510.2.Lesson 36: Unvoiced consonant [θ] as in “think” ................................................................. 15010.3.Lesson 37: Voiced consonant [ð] as in “mother” .................................................................. 15310.4.Lesson 38: Unvoiced [s] as in “son” and voiced [z] as in “zigzag” ................................................ 15510.5.Lesson 39: Unvoiced [ʃ] as in “shock” and voiced [ʒ] as in “vision” .............................................. 15910.6.Lesson 40: Unvoiced consonant [h] as in “hat”… .................................................................. 16511.Affricates (2) ............................................................................................................... 16811.1.Lesson 41: The [r] sound as in “rat” ............................................................................... 16812.Lesson 42: Affricates unvoiced [tʃ] as in “church” and voiced [dʒ] as in “gin” .......................................... 17213.Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 17814.Maintaining correct pronunciation ....................................................................................... 17915.Warm-up exercises ........................................................................................................ 18116.Difficulties in pronunciation of the speakers of world languages ....................................................... 18817.Glossary .................................................................................................................... 1891. Introduction1.Introduction1.1.What is an accent?An accent identifies which part of the country or world you come from. There are different types of accents: Scottish,Russian, Spanish, educated, strong, slight and many others.According to the latest edition of the Rough Guide to England, “England is a country where accent and vocabulary canstamp a person’s identity like a brand.” Indeed, the biggest single factor that affects people’s first impression of you is yourspeech and accent.1.2.Why do we speak with different accents?From our childhood we learn to speak by imitating our relatives, teachers and friends. The way we speak and our pronunciation are influenced by the environment we live in.Sounds are created by our speech organs, namely lips, tongue and jaw. Positions of our speech organs are different fordifferent sounds. For example, we drop the tongue in order to pronounce the English [æ] sound as in “cat”. In order topronounce [w] as in “way” we put our lips in a tight whistle.Many people begin to learn English when they are adults. They may not automatically position their speech organs asnative English speakers will. Moreover, they often don’t know how to correctly position their speech organs in order toproduce clear English sounds because not all English sounds exist in other languages.For example, there is no [w] in Russian, and many Russians pronounce [v] instead of [w]. Another example is that inRussian they don’t have long vowels, and therefore there is a natural tendency for Russians to shorten long English vowelsand diphthongs. Instead of “two sheets of paper” they most likely will pronounce “two shits of paper”. Instead of saying “theroom is dark”, they are likely to pronounce “the room is duck”.For Personal Use Only11. IntroductionSpeaking, writing and listening are taught in most colleges, but phonetics and pronunciation classes are not always partof the curriculum, and even when they are, they tend to be very basic and focusing more on conversation than phonetics.1.3.Is it important to have good pronunciation?Just consider the following points:Bad pronunciation:•May be confusing and hard to understand for those who listen to you•Gives the impression that you are uneducated•Doesn’t allow you to become a good public speaker.Good pronunciation and a neutral accent:•Allows you to become a pleasant communicator•Is a good basis for public speaking•Will enable you to enjoy speaking more•Gives you confidence, and your confidence in turn opens up for you all sorts of opportunities.1.4.Is it possible to reduce or eliminate an accent?The earlier we start to pronounce English properly, the less accent we have. It’s more difficult to reduce or completelyeliminate an accent when you are older. However, it is not impossible. It all depends on your hard work, perseverance, highquality professional training, and last, but not least on using the appropriate book with a sound track.For Personal Use Only21. Introduction1.5.Why Received Pronunciation?Why not learn to speak with a Scottish or London Cockney accent? Why make an effort to reduce a strong Russian orSpanish accent? The reason is very simple: to help you with making your English clear and easy to understand for themajority of English-speaking people.This book teaches you how to develop Received Pronunciation (RP).RP is simply a neutral pronunciation of educated Southern English. It’s sometimes called Standard English.Beginning over a century ago, RP spread rapidly throughout the Civil Service of the British Empire and became the voiceof authority and power in a substantial part of the world. Because it was a regionally ‘neutral’ accent, and was thought tobe more widely understood than any regional accent, it also came to be adopted by the BBC when radio broadcasting beganin the 1920s.The first Director General of the BBC, Lord Reith, when asked why he had chosen RP for the BBC, replied: “I tried to geta style or quality of English which would not be laughed at in any part of the country.”To date RP retains its considerable status. It is still the standard accent of Parliament, the Church of England, the HighCourts and other British national institutions. It has long been the chief accent taught to foreigners who wish to learn aBritish model. RP is also taught in acting schools in the UK, as actors from different cultural and social backgrounds arerequired to have the ability to speak using RP when it’s necessary for their performances.It should be noted that RP is not static. Modern RP has been simplified compared to, say, what it was over 50 years ago,and now sounds more neutral and democratic. However, it will most certainly remain the accent of educated people.For Personal Use Only31. Introduction1.6.Why we wrote this bookTo date you can only get speech training in British drama schools or if you take speech lessons from a private speech tutor.We wanted to make this exclusive training accessible for a much wider audience. We took the method long used in Londondrama schools, adapted it for learners of English and collated it into a single training manual, the first of its kind.You will find that you will get from the book what you put into your work with it. The exercises are quite intensive andwill require you to work hard at your pronunciation. But, the book isn’t just a study tool; we have also tried to make itamusing and interesting. Have fun, and remember that your hard work will be rewarded in full!1.7.Three things that make our book special•Tried and trusted method in eliminating an accent•Fun yet very effective speech training•Amusing vocabulary1.8.Methodology used in this bookIn our book, we set out a complete method of learning English sounds, which somebody who comes from a different countrymight not have in their own native language.One of the important things about our book is that we make it absolutely clear what is happening in the mouth: wherethe lips go, where the tongue is placed, if the jaw is open or closed, etc. Once those three positions are checked and sortedout then there is no way that you could not make that particular English sound.The second important part of speech training is training the muscles of the tongue, lips and jaw, so that the brain memoryresponds to it automatically. You train them by pronouncing words and sentences with a target sound. You finish with alittle bit of verse, something interesting and amusing, but also containing a target sound.For Personal Use Only41. IntroductionFor consonants we also give practice through articulation exercises, such as period verses and tongue-twisters, which getthe tongue and the lips really moving so that we get clarity and crispness of speech. English is a very energetic and dynamiclanguage and good articulation makes a big difference.Exercises in the book are accompanied by a sound track on the CD. Students should listen to the CD, practice the correctsound throughout and then record themselves and listen to the recording in order to see their progress. We also encouragestudents to use the correct sounds in their everyday speech and support it by additional exercises at the end of each lesson.The CD was recorded by professional actors who used drama techniques in order to make the sentences, verses andpoems sound interesting and amusing. This also helps you to imagine what you are reading and that will help you tomemorise sounds.The lessons in this book are quite intensive and are aimed for those who strive to achieve outstanding results in improvingtheir accents within a short period of time. Your results might depend on your ability to hear your own speech and the timeyou spend mastering the sounds.At the end of the book we also provide students with instructions and advice on how to maintain correct pronunciation.In support of that we give a warm-up exercise for all the English sounds (see page 129).Students will also find a table of particular difficulties with the English pronunciation which speakers of other worldlanguages have (see page 132).1.9.English spelling and pronunciationIn many languages letters of the alphabet are pronounced in the same way as they are spelled. However, the English languagewas, at different times, under French, German and Dutch influence. English inherited and includes many foreign words.This is one of the reasons why there are so many exceptions to the rule in pronunciation and spelling.For Personal Use Only51. IntroductionThe characteristic peculiarity of the English language is that the same letter of the alphabet can be pronounced differently.For example, the letter “a” in the word “father” is pronounced as a long vowel [a:], but in the word “man” it is a shortvowel sound [æ]. In the word “among”, where it’s not stressed, it is a neutral vowel or schwa [ə]. Thus the letter “a” can bepronounced in at least three different ways.Another difficulty is that the same English sounds have different spellings. For example, diphthong [เǝ] has severalspellings: in the word ‘fear’ it is spelled as ‘ear’, in the word ‘weird’ it is spelled as ‘eir’.Although we highlight the practiced sound in bold and offer different spelling variations for the same sound, we shouldpoint out that there can be other spelling variations for the same sound. Therefore, when you learn a new word you shouldalways consult a dictionary for the correct phonetic pronunciation.1.10.Who this book is forThe book enables people to develop clear and precise English speech, and to neutralise their foreign or their British regionalaccent. Both native and non-native English speakers will benefit from the book.Native English speakers include:•Pronunciation and speech teachers•Actors with non-RP accents who wish to pursue an acting career in the UK•Hollywood actors who need to develop a British accent•Professionals for whom a high standard of English and clarity of speech are important.Non-native English speakers include:•Students•International businessmen and executives•Diplomats•Call centre employeesFor Personal Use Only61. Introduction•Intelligence agents•Skilled professionals: teachers, professors, doctors, journalists etc who wish to advance in their profession in Britain, theUnited States, Canada, Australia and other countries where English is an official or business language (e.g. India)•People who work in service and hospitality industries and need to communicate with good English.For Personal Use Only72. Method of learning2.Method of learningFor Personal Use Only82. Method of learning2.1.Explanation of the method of learningWhat is needed to start working with the book?•a mirror, to compare the shape of your own mouth to the shape of the mouth that you will find in diagrams at the beginningof each lesson;•a tape recorder, to record your practices;•a CD player.See Figure 2 for a labelled diagram of speech organs.How many hours you should spend on each sound:•Practice each sound for about 20-40 minutes a day, with little breaks in between;•Repeat on the following days for approximately the same length of time until you feel that you can use the correct soundin your everyday speech.As shown on the previous page the method of learning is based on a six-stage process:The first stage is to make sure that you put your lips, tongue and jaw in the right position for the learned sound. Ifyou fail to do so, the sound will not be precise and may be different altogether. Follow the instructions on speech organposition given at the beginning of each lesson. Pronounce the sound several times looking in the mirror to make sure youdo it correctly. When you feel that your sound is correct, start pronouncing the words, sentences and verses in the lesson.The second stage is aimed at helping you learn a sound by repeating and imitating after the tape. This exercise will helpyou to make the sound as correctly as possible and train your speech organs for the particular sound. The more you repeatafter the tape, the better your pronunciation becomes.The third stage gives you an opportunity to practice the sound on your own, without the help of the tape. You will behearing yourself and mastering the sound. This stage is essential before recording yourself.For Personal Use Only92. Method of learningThe fourth stage involves recording yourself and listening to the recording. It helps you to see whether you haveprogressed in mastering the pronunciation and to identify where you still make mistakes.The fifth stage focuses on eliminating mistakes. Correctly repeating the words where you made a mistake will help youavoid repeating the same mistakes in the future. The sixth stage has the purpose of helping you incorporate the learnedsound in everyday speech. It’s about trying to find the learned sound in the newspapers, on the radio, on TV and in Englishlanguage videos. Pay attention to how you pronounce the learned sound in your everyday speech. This will help you toactivate the correctly pronounced sounds.For Personal Use Only102. Method of learningThe Phonemic Alphabeti:feeta:carɒboxɪəfeareɪcakeɪpitɜːbirthɔːhorseʊəduelɔɪboyepenəbananaʊbookeəchairaɪpieæcatʌduckuːfoodaʊcowəʊsnowppubbbankkkinggghostmmonkttrickddrinkffishvvictorynnuntʃchruchdʒginssunzzeroŋsongθthingðtheʃshockʒprestigehhatlluckrrockwworldjyachtFor Personal Use Only112. Method of learningThe Speech OrgansFor Personal Use Only123. Long vowels (5)3.Long vowels (5)3.1.Lesson 1: The [a:] sound as in “car”Speech organs position:Open jaw,relaxed lips,flat tongue pulled back a little.The sound made in the back of the mouth.张开下颌，放松嘴唇，舌头放平并稍微后缩。发音位置在口腔后部。[a: a: a: ]For Personal Use Only133. Long vowels (5)A1🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations for the [a:] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [a:]ar (“r” is silent)art, arms, bar, mark, arch, bark, darkear, er, al, auheart, sergeant, clerk, Derby, psalm, laugha before s, n and thbath, castle, fast, glass, disaster, rather, enhanceFor Personal Use Only143. Long vowels (5)A2🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.The marble bird-bath was hidden in the tall grasses near the path.2.Let’s park our car at Barbara’s as the car park is rather far from the theatre.3.At last Margaret’s anxiety passed and she chanced a disastrous dance with a laughing sergeant.4.I’d rather take a chance and let my father drive me to the garage in his fast car.5.Hard-hearted Margaret was reading psalms in the dark.6.As an office boy I made such a mark that I was given the post of a junior clerk.A3🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Barbara’s car is a JaguarAnd Barbara drives rather fast.Castles, farms and draughty barns,She goes charging past.When I, good friends, was called to the bar,I’d an appetite fresh and hearty,But I was, as many barristers are,An impecunious party.For Personal Use Only153. Long vowels (5)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only163. Long vowels (5)3.2.Lesson 2: The [u:] sound as in “beauty”Speech organs position:Jaw is almost closed,lips pushed forward tightly into almost a whistle shape,at the same time the back of the tongue rises up towards thesoft palate at the back of the mouth.下颌几乎闭合，双唇向前紧紧撅起，接近口哨形状，同时舌后部向上抬起靠近口腔后部的软腭。[u: u: u:]A4🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue, and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations for the [u:] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [u:]oobloom, food, smooth, loop, school, doomolose, move, do, who, improvement, removeuifruit, juice, cruiseFor Personal Use Only173. Long vowels (5)Spelling variations for the [ju:] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ju:]utune, tube, music, curious, tulipsewnew, few, Kew, mewsA5🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Ruth felt in tune with the cool of a June evening and admired the beauty of the moon.2.There are quite a few music super-stars on the London tube.3.These new blue shoes look beautiful with a navy blue coat.4.On our cruise to Bermuda we played snooker with our schooner crew.5.Coolies are made from juicy fruits and sugar.6.The music tutor sang a tune on Tuesday for the duke.7.A few beautiful tulips grew in the school garden in July.For Personal Use Only183. Long vowels (5)A6🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.I’d a swallow-tail coat of beautiful blue—A brief which I bought off a booby—A couple of shirts and a collar or two,And a ring that looked like a ruby!We sail the ocean blue,And our saucy ship’s a beauty;We’re sober men and true,And attentive to our beauty.For Personal Use Only193. Long vowels (5)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only203. Long vowels (5)3.3.Lesson 3: The [ɔː] sound as in “horse”Speech organs position:The lips are pushed forward but not as far forward - asin [u:] (Lesson 2) - slightly rounded, but still with a bit oftightness a n d tension.The back of the tongue is rising at the back of the mouth,but not nearly as high as it would be with [u:].嘴唇向前推，但不像 [u:]（第二课）那样向前推得那么远，只是稍微有点圆润，但仍然带有一些紧张感和紧绷感。舌头的后部在口腔后部上升，但没有 [u:] 那么高。[ɔː ɔː ɔː]A7🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations for the [ɔː] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ɔː]orstorm, door, horse, corpulent, sordid, organicawawe, law, dawn, lawn, sprawlaucaustic, Paul, cautiousaugh oughnaughty, haughty, daughter,thoughta before l and alalmost, ball, wall, walk, talk, appalling,althoughFor Personal Use Only213. Long vowels (5)A8🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.George was falling asleep awkwardly in a sprawl.2.The written laws ought to prevent thoughtless talks.3.This appalling store was full of all sorts of ordinary shorts.4.Maud’s daughter Georgina was an awful daughter-in-law.5.Four hundred and forty-four storks flying home in the storm.A9🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.As I was going by Mr King’s yard,I saw a man sawing,And of all the sawyers I ever saw,I never saw a saw saw like that saw sawed.For Personal Use Only223. Long vowels (5)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only233. Long vowels (5)3.4.Lesson 4: The [i:] sound as in “feet”Speech organs position:Tip of the tongue is always behind the bottom teeth, jawfairly closed, lips relaxed, not pulled back, and the front ofthe tongue high and forward in the mouth.舌尖始终在下牙后面，下颌相对闭合，嘴唇放松，不向后拉，舌头的前部在口腔内高且向前。[i: i: i:]A10🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue, and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations for the [i:] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [i:]eekeel, feeble, seek, heed, see, peep, feelehe, evening, eve, demonise, Peter, theseeameat, tea, leave, jeans, please, teamiegrief, field, relief, believeeireceipt, deceit, seizeFor Personal Use Only243. Long vowels (5)A11🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.One evening, lying by the stream on the green grass, I dreamed of eating sweets.2.Jean, have you been in a wheat field in Leek?3.His demeanour seems to reveal the secret reasons for his deceit.4.Demonised teenagers were pleased with their tea.5.Al legal furies seize you! No proposal seems to please you.6.I believe my feet are really quite clean, Evie.A12🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.See - see - they drinkAll thought unheeding,The tea-cups clink,They are exceeding!For Personal Use Only253. Long vowels (5)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only263. Long vowels (5)3.5.Lesson 5: The [3:] sound as in “third”Speech organs position:Relaxed lips, jaw half-open and the centre of the tongue justslightly rising.放松的嘴唇，下巴半张开，舌尖微微抬起。[ 3: 3: 3:]A13🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue, and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations for the [:] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [:]erperjury, commercial, verse, infernalirshirt, first, stir, girl, Sir, birdearyearn, earn, pearlururge, occur, murmuring, burden, furnace, burnorwork, worse, world, wordFor Personal Use Only273. Long vowels (5)A14🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.The girls in purple shirts were urged not to disturb Sir Cuthbert.2.This purple shirt is the worst in the world! I have no words!3.We were working in the World Bank at first; then we were transferred to the Commercial Chambers in Perth.4.My boyfriend is a perfect nerd who makes his earnings when everyone else is yawning.5.The girl heard that she came third in the World Championships as a hurdler.6.Ursula observed that the boy wore a dirty purple jersey.A15🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.When I was a lad I served a termAs office boy to an Attorney’s firm.The rich attorney was good as his word;And every day my voice was heardAt the Sessions or Ancient Bailey.For Personal Use Only283. Long vowels (5)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only294. Short vowels (7)4.Short vowels (7)4.1.Lesson 6: The [ə] neutral vowel (schwa) as in “banana”¹Speech organs position:Jaw is half open, relaxed tongue and lips.Middle of the tongue is halfway up.Tongue position is a bit lower than when pronouncing [3:](Lesson 5).Tongue is not going forward.The sound is very short.下巴半开，放松舌头和嘴唇。舌头的中间部分抬高到一半的位置。舌头的姿势比发[3:]音时（第5课）稍低一些。舌头不向前移动。这个音非常短。[ ə ə ə]¹NB: Schwa is the most-used sound in English. Very often, unstressed syllables and words in a sentence are pronounced with a schwa.For Personal Use Only304. Short vowels (7)A16🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue, and jaw for the target sound.categoryHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ə]The first syllable unstressedaway, agree, abuse, aboard, against, advice,attain, advance, canal, correct, police,supportThe second syllable unstresseddoctor, under, figure, colour, absent, constant,standard, oral, forward, upward,awkwardA17🎧 Unstressed positionsandaanFish and chipsGet a spoonHave an appleSalt and pepperCut a pieceA question and an answerPork and beansHere’s a platean aunt and an uncleLadies and gentlemenLend a handListen to an announcementFor Personal Use Only314. Short vowels (7)A18🎧 Comparison: [ə] and [3:][ə][3:]slogangirlforwardwordawkwardthirdstandardearnupwardwordbackwardworkA19🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.What are you doing in London? We are looking for a hairdresser.2.Is it made of glass? No, it’s made of plastic.3.What can I do? What has she done? What have you done?4.She had done it before she came here.5.Amanda, phone call for you!6.The conductor of the orchestra was amazed to see the viola player drink a scotch and soda.7.Tell my sister Amanda to buy some better bananas as well as potatoes and tomatoes.For Personal Use Only324. Short vowels (7)A20🎧 Comparison: stressed and unstressed vowel positionStressed positionUnstressed position, pronounced with [ə]What are you looking at? [æ]Look at him.What is it made of? [ɒ]It’s made of cotton.Where do you come from? [ɒ]I come frfrom Paris.Who is it for? [ɔː]It’s for you.Wouldn’t you agree? [ʊ]I would say yes.Weren’t you there? [ɜː]We were absent.Wasn’t he there? [ɒ]Yes, he was sitting next to me.A21🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.My jealousy I can’t express,Their love they openly confess;Her shell-like ears she does not closeTo their recital of their woes.For Personal Use Only334. Short vowels (7)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only344. Short vowels (7)4.2.Lesson 7: The [i] sound as in “pit”Speech organs position:The front of the tongue comes high in the front of themouth, not quite as high as the long [iː] sound (Lesson 4)and just a fraction back.舌尖在口腔前部抬得较高，但不像长元音 [iː]（第4课）那样高，位置略微靠后一些。[i i i]A22🎧 Wordslisten and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue, and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations for the [i] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [i]ihim, hilarious, hideous, hint, whim, vision, spiritavillage, cabbageedelete, defeat, delusionycrypt, synonym, symbol, symptoms, hymnFor Personal Use Only354. Short vowels (7)A23🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Those lettuces taste like cabbages.2.Bill lifted the lid of the bin tentatively and found not a single thing.3.Tell Jill I think this is a silly little game.4.I can’t stay a minute longer in this miserable little pit!5.Tim Grim is a solid, respectable man and is a pillar of society.6.This simple thing, a wedding ring, is a symbol, the oldest in history.7.Climbing over a rocky mountain, skip the rivulet and the fountain.For Personal Use Only364. Short vowels (7)A24🎧 Verseslisten and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Here’s a first-rate opportunityTo get married with impunity,To indulge in the felicityOf unbounded domesticity.You shall quickly be personified,Conjugally matrimonified,By a doctor of divinity.Who resides in this vicinity.For Personal Use Only374. Short vowels (7)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only384. Short vowels (7)4.3.Lesson 8: Comparison [ə] - [ɪ] and [ɪ] - [i:]A25🎧 Letter: ‘e’ in the article the is pronounced as [ɪ]and [ə].Letter ‘e’ is pronounced as [ɪ]when the next word begins with a vowelLetter ‘e’ is pronounced as a schwa [ə]when the next word begins with a consonantthe instrumentthe skillthe onlythe pillthe Upper Housethe shipthe oddthe pitchthe enquirythe kitchenthe oakthe coffinthe elisionthe gymnastthe illnessthe kinFor Personal Use Only394. Short vowels (7)A26🎧 Comparison: long [i:] and short [ɪ][ɪ][i:][i:][ɪ][i:][ɪ]reasonrisenbeastbitbeenbinqueenkineaseisdealdillsleepslipneedNickcheapchipleeklyricwheatwitpeoplepitchleaplipgreedgridfeetfitleaveliveteamTimsneakySnipFor Personal Use Only404. Short vowels (7)A27🎧 Words: long [i:] highlighted as bold and underlined, short [ɪ] highlighted as boldListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.believegreasyrelieverevealeasyrepeatdefeatsneezingmeetingrecedethesisyieldingretrieveseeingseizingreceiptserenefreezingA28🎧 Sentences: short [ɪ] highlighted as bold, long [i:] highlighted as bold and underlinedListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.The width of the sleeves still needs to fit my neat linen jacket.2.I am not particularly keen to give the victory to a different team.3.These silver rings belonged to Queen Elizabeth.4.Tim is completely out of Nina’s league and she isn’t keen on being chased by him.5.There is a little something missing in this meal. Have you tried to add some dill?6.My next of kin, Mr. Bean, is a Dean of Leeds University.For Personal Use Only414. Short vowels (7)A29🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.He is an Englishman!For he himself has said it,And it’s greatly to his credit,That he is an Englishman!Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only424. Short vowels (7)4.4.Lesson 9: The [ʌ] sound as in “duck”Speech organs position:The jaw is quite wide open,almost as far open as in [a:](Lesson 1), but not quite.The middle of the tonguerises in the center of themouth, just a little, relaxed.Lips are relaxed.下颌张开幅度较大，几乎和发 [a:] 音时（第1课）一样开，但略有不及。舌头的中间部分在口腔中央微微抬起，非常放松。嘴唇保持放松状态。 [ʌ ʌ ʌ]A30🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue, and jaw for the target soundSpelling variations for the [ʌ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ʌ]umust, luck, dump, just, upper, nun, bus, lunchocome, worry, front, love, done, once, coverourough, tough, country, couple, double, troubleFor Personal Use Only434. Short vowels (7)A31🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.For someone with a love of money, the sum of one hundred pounds was enticing.2.Bud, love! Don’t worry; victory is in front of you!3.I can’t understand the fun of travelling by bus on such rough country roads.4.There are a number of nuns among us.5.Here I am, in front of a tub with a rub and a scrube.6.When you come to lunch in London on Sunday, remember to bring some money.A32🎧 Word comparisons: [a:] and [ʌ] soundsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.[a:][ʌ]fatherfrontdarkduckbathbudpardonpunchstartlestuckratherroughtargettoughFor Personal Use Only444. Short vowels (7)A33🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Your captain was the other!!!They left their foster-mother,The one was Ralph, our brother,Our captain was the other,A many years ago.A many years ago twotender babes I nursed!One was of low condition,The other upper crust,A regular patrician.Oh, bitter is my cup!However could I do it?I mixed those children up…For Personal Use Only454. Short vowels (7)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only464. Short vowels (7)4.5.Lesson 10: The [ɒ] sound as in “box”Speech organs position:The lips are coming forward a little, but not tight;the jaw is reasonably relaxed and quite open,and the back of the tongue is slightly rising in the mouth.The sound is pronounced in the back of the mouth.唇部微微向前收拢，但并不紧绷；下颌保持适度放松且较为舒展，舌根在口腔后部略微抬升。该音发于口腔后部。[ɒ ɒ ɒ]A34🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue, and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations for the [ɒ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ɒ]ofond, lock, stop, gone, odd, lost, sorry, wrong, often, clock, knock, obvious,promise, doctorawant, was, wander, wallet, wallow, wash, watch, warrior, waffle, squat, quantityFor Personal Use Only474. Short vowels (7)A35🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.A lot of odd documents in strong boxes are locked in the office.2.Can I wash my cotton socks in the long pond?3.The doctor promised to watch Tommy’s cough and after four days the cough had stopped.4.Sorry, I’ve forgotten my wallet in the shop.5.The conversation in the office was moderated when the boss, Mr Oxford, came in.6.Roger and Robin often spend their holidays in Scotland in October.A36🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.All I want is a proper cup of coffee,Made in a proper copper coffee pot.Tin or iron coffee pots,They’re no use to me,If I can’t have aProper cup of coffeeIn a proper copper coffee potI’ll have a cup of tea.For Personal Use Only484. Short vowels (7)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only494. Short vowels (7)4.6.Lesson 11: Comparison [ɒ] - [ɔː] and [ɒ] - [ʌ]A37🎧 Comparison: long [ɔː] and short [ɒ][ɔː][ɒ]listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.[ɔː][ɒ][ɔː][ɒ]daughterdollportionpolishlawnloftygorgeousgonelawlobsterstalkstockmorningmocknaughtynotchgloriousglossyquarterqualityborebossoughtofficedoordogwalkwhatFor Personal Use Only504. Short vowels (7)A38🎧 Word comparisons: [ʌ] ,[ɒ] and [ɔː][ʌ][ɒ][ɔː]buddybodytalktoughChekhovdaughterfrontcommentorchestrarougheconomistgloriouscouplepoliticiansordinaryA39🎧 Sentences short [ɒ] highlighted as bold and long [ɔ:] highlighted as black and underlinedListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.I have a lot of long and short shirts.2.I have bought these awesome chocolates from the store at the top of Chekhov Street in Dorking.3.Tom’s naughty daughter ate all the lobsters and strawberries.4.There was a glorious picture of Almighty God on the wall in the cottage.5.Maud’s mind was caught with horrible daunting thoughts.6.What a gorgeous golf course! Top notch!7.It doesn’t bore Tom to walk his dog in the glorious autumn morning.For Personal Use Only514. Short vowels (7)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only524. Short vowels (7)4.7.Lesson 12: The [e] sound as in “pen”Speech organs position:The jaw is approximately half open,tip of the tongue is behind the bottom teeth,the front of the tongue coming to about approximately threefourths (3/4) of the way up.The sound is pronounced in the front of the mouth.下颌大约半开，舌尖位于下牙后面，舌头的前部大约上升到四分之三（3/4）的位置。这个声音在口腔的前部发出。[e e e]A40🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue, and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations for the [e] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [e]esensible, wren, beg, bent, gentle, generosityeoleopard, jeopardyeahead, wealth, measure, pleasure, thread, leathereileisure, Leicester, friendaysaysFor Personal Use Only534. Short vowels (7)A41🎧 Comparison: [ə] and [e][ə][e]canalkennelcorrectkeptgazettegeldpolicepencesupportself-helpcommandketchupAmericanembassyA42🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.“It’s best for your pet’s health to rest”, said an educated vet to a wealthy gentlemen.2.Educated men have always measured every word they said.3.Twenty-seven shepherds hesitated before entering the sheep-pen.4.It’s a real pleasure to rest on a nice leather sofa.5.A red leather jacket was well presented on the display.6.The weather was wet and windy when the men were mending the fence.For Personal Use Only544. Short vowels (7)A43🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Let us gaily tread the measure,Make the most of fleeting leisure;Every moment brings a treasure,Of its own especial pleasure…Let us gaily tread the measure.For Personal Use Only554. Short vowels (7)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only564. Short vowels (7)4.8.Lesson 13: The [u] sound as in “book”Speech organs position:Lips rounded and forward a little,not as far forward as in long vowel [u:] but very close.The jaw is almost closed,but not quite.The back of the tongue is fairly high in the back of themouth.唇圆且稍微向前，但没有像长元音[u:]那样远。下巴几乎闭合，但没有完全闭合。舌根在口腔后部位置较高。[u u u]A44🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations for the [u] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [u]uput, push, full, butcher,spoonful,fulfil, cushionoo,obook,look, good, wool,wood, wolf, foot, stoodoulcould,would, shouldFor Personal Use Only574. Short vowels (7)A45🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Could you put this good Worcester wool in the wooden chest ?2.The butcher saw a wolf looking in every nook for the fallen rook3.Our cook couldn’t cook without looking at his cookery book.4.If I could just get off the hook and get rid of my responsibility to cook.5.You could easily lose your foothold in the bulrushes by the brook on the way to the “Bull and Bush” pub.6.If you are preparing a pudding you must have sugar and a good cookery book.A46🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Would you take this book!Could you leave that hook!Let us walk by foot!That sounds good!We could, we would, we should!For Personal Use Only584. Short vowels (7)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a C: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only594. Short vowels (7)4.9.Lesson 14: Comparison [u] and [u:]A47🎧 Contrast between short lul and long [u:][u][u:][u][u:]couldcluegoodgluedfootfoodwoodwoundfullfruitbookboomlookloosetooktrueputpoolrookrougeshouldpoolsootsoonFor Personal Use Only604. Short vowels (7)A48🎧 Sentences: short [u] sound highlighted as bold and long [u:] highlighted as bold and underlinedListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.The wounded wolf couldn’t move his foot and soon fell asleep under the bush.2.Worcester wool would suit beautifully for my new blue suit.3.Natural foods contribute to a good diet.4.Behaving loosely could be seen as foolish and wouldn’t improve your look.5.Good books usually fulfil people’s lives.Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only614. Short vowels (7)4.10.Lesson 15: The [æ] sound as in “cat”Speech organs position:Open jaw,open loose lips,almost flat tongue at the bottom of the mouth,think forward.张开下巴，放松双唇，舌头几乎平放在口腔底部，向前发音。[æ æ æ]A49🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Japanese, barrage, nationalities, bad, happened, land, understand, activity, prank, miraculous, panther, ragged, man,actuallyFor Personal Use Only624. Short vowels (7)A50🎧 Comparison: [e] and [æ] sounds[e][æ][e][æ]menmanbegbagguessedgassedpetpatfedfadtentanhemhamsaidsadheterohandbreathbandagewrenrankkettlecandleA51🎧 Comparison: [ə], [e] and [æ][ə][e][æ]morainemessmassBelugabendbandbananabredbrandsolutionsetsatlamentledlandtowardstogethergatherFor Personal Use Only634. Short vowels (7)A52🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.A black fat cat was sad when he couldn’t grab a slice of ham.2.It can be quite a challenge to manage a marriage.3.A man who looked unhappy sang a sad bad mad romantic song.4.As a habit I add some tomato to my hamburger.5.Standing hand in hand, the man asked Jan for her hand in marriage.6.Can you manage to carry those magazines back to the rack?A53🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CDWhat was that?It was the cat!Pull ashore in fashion steady,For the clergyman is readyTo unite the happy pair!For Personal Use Only644. Short vowels (7)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only655. Diphthongs (8)5.Diphthongs (8)5.1.Lesson 16: Diphthong [əʊ] as in “home”Speech organs position:Start with a relaxed schwa position [ə] (Lesson 6),then bring the lips forward into your short [u] as in “book”position.从放松的中央元音[ə]发音位置（第6课）开始，然后将嘴唇向前移动到“book”中短[u]的位置。[ə ə əʊ] [ə ə əʊ ] [ə ə əʊ]A54🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [əʊ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [əʊ]ohope, role, focus, those, both, clothes, bold,open, wholeoaroad, oak, coatowglow, sorrow, pillow, follow, sparrow, throwewsewFor Personal Use Only665. Diphthongs (8)A55🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Joan has a cold in her nose because she rode her pony through the frozen snow.2.The poetry of bold poems imposed a strange tone on the whole show.3.I don’t know when I will come home, although I am closely focusing on the road. But soon, most probably, I will knowand will phone you as I come closer to our home.4.When speaking on the podium keep your shoulders open!5.Discharge your loathsome loads! Belch forth your venom, toads!6.Joe, don’t go to Oklahoma or Ohio but come home to Rome instead.A56🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Moses supposes his toeses are roses,But Moses supposes erroneously;For nobody’s toeses are posies of rosesAs Moses supposes his toeses to be.For Personal Use Only675. Diphthongs (8)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only685. Diphthongs (8)5.2.Lesson 17: Diphthong [eɪ] as in “cake”Speech organs position:Starting with [e] as in “pet” (Lesson 10),and then tongue rises just a little to [i] as in “pit” (Lesson 7).从“pet”中的[e]发音开始（第10课），然后舌头稍微上升一点到pit的[i]（第7课）。[e e ei] [e e ei ] [e e ei]A57🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [eɪ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [eɪ]atake,arrange,late,tape,amazem,change,shape,stimulate,pipulateaiaim, rainbow, vain, gain, plainaypay, gay, tray, betrayeigh,aighweight, eeight, straightFor Personal Use Only695. Diphthongs (8)A58🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.The train at eight was very late; we left the station with frustration.2.Betrayed and amazed we aimed hastily for the Chain Walk brasserie.3.We patiently waited in vain for our favourite table to become vacant.4.To name your child with an ancient name may consider insane!5.All the favourite cakes that Jane had made were placed on trays.6.You must pay any day if you are going away on the train.A59🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Stay, Frederic, stay!They have no legal claim,No shadow of a shameWill fall upon my name.For Personal Use Only705. Diphthongs (8)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only715. Diphthongs (8)5.3.Lesson 18: Diphthong [ɔɪ] as in “boy”Speech organs position:Starting with a long [ɔ:] sound as in “court” (Lesson 3),with the lips forward and quite tight,the jaw is fairly closed, the lips relaxed.As you move the tongue it comes a little bit further forwardto an [ɪ]position, as in “pit” (Lesson 7).The lips are loose and relaxed.从一个长[ɔ:] 音开始，如同“court”中的发音（第3课）嘴唇前伸且相当紧闭，下颌相当闭合，嘴唇放松。当你移动舌头时，它向前移动 一点点到达[ɪ]的位置，如同“pit”中的发音（第7课）。嘴唇松弛放松。[ɔ: ɔ: ɔɪ] [ɔ: ɔ: ɔɪ] [ɔ: ɔ: ɔɪ]For Personal Use Only725. Diphthongs (8)A60🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [ɔɪ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ɔɪ]oicoin, exploit, moisture, boil, spoil, poise, anoint, soil, points, broil, foil, loiteroyenjoy, loyal, annoy, royal, toy, Lloyd, decoy, destroyA61🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Troy was once destroyed by flamboyant noisy soldiers.2.A noisy voice can be so annoying that the whole image can be spoiled.3.Rice requires moist soil and months of toil.4.Any noise annoys an oyster, but a noisy noise annoys an oyster most.5.You can’t enjoy the beef if the joint is covered with boiling oil.For Personal Use Only735. Diphthongs (8)A62🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.An orphan boy,Forgo your cruel employ,How sad - an orphan boy.If pity you can feel,Leave me my sole remaining joy -Against the sad, sad tale of the lonely orphan boy!For Personal Use Only745. Diphthongs (8)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only755. Diphthongs (8)5.4.Lesson 19: Diphthong [ɪə] as in “dear”Speech organs position:Starting with a short [ɪ] position as in “pit” (Lesson 7),then dropping the tongueback into the schwa [ə] (Lesson 6).从一个短的[ɪ]位置开始，如同“pit”（坑）中的发音（第7课），然后将舌头回落到中央元音[ə]的位置[ɪ ɪ ɪə] [ɪ ɪ ɪə] [ɪ ɪ ɪə]A63🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [ɪə] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ɪə]eacereal, nuclear, gear, nearly, theatreieexperience, bier, pier, cavalieriosuperior, exteriorioumysterious, curious, spuriouseiweird, weirersphere, interfere, here, queer, peer, sheerFor Personal Use Only765. Diphthongs (8)A64🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Vera, dear, wipe your tears, come near here and forget your fear!2.My experience of piercing Vera’s ears was rather weird.3.Really dear beer makes me cheerful but spurious beer makes me furious.4.It was queer to experience a year with my cavalier peers at Lear’s.5.Last year I had a delirious experience when I was allowed to steer the boat near the weir.6.My tearfulness soon cleared when I met the dear, fearless, mysterious stranger.A65🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Sad is that woman’s lot who, year by year,Sees, one by one, her beauty disappear,When Time, grown weary of her heart-drawn sighs,Impatiently begins to ‘dim her eyes’!For Personal Use Only775. Diphthongs (8)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only785. Diphthongs (8)5.5.Lesson 20: Diphthong [aɪ] as in “bride”Speech organs position:Starting with an open [a] sound,flat tongue, open jaw,then moving to [ɪ] as in “pit”,the jaw closesand the tongue rises for the second part of the sound.从一个开放的[a]音开始， 舌头平坦，下颌打开，然后移动到[ɪ],如同“pit”（坑）中的发音，下颌闭合且舌头上升以发出音素的第二部分。[a a aɪ] [a a aɪ] [a a aɪ]For Personal Use Only795. Diphthongs (8)A66🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [aɪ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [aɪ]ysky, fly, cry, supply, terrify, denyiidle, slide, shine, wild, advertise, design, mindighmight, high, nigh, delight, rightuiquite, guideFor Personal Use Only805. Diphthongs (8)A67🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Try to find a bright idea behind the rhymes of Oscar Wilde.2.The sun is no longer high in the sky as the day declines.3.“His wife is quite mild and kind.” What? Are you blind?4.There are some guys in St. Ives who have up to seven wives.5.Holding their chins quite high nine knights were riding by.6.Try not to be frightened of spiders, just hide when they come in7.sight - they won’t bite!8.Nine men with fine tenor voices decided to sing quite high in the choir on Friday night.A68🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.There was a lady loved a swine,She kindly asked:Pig-hog will you be mine?I will build you a silver sty,In which you will idly lie.For Personal Use Only815. Diphthongs (8)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only825. Diphthongs (8)5.6.Lesson 21: Diphthong [ʊə] as in “poor” and triphthong [jʊə] as in “fewer”Speech organs position:Start with lips forward likefor the short vowel [ʊ] as in “book” (Lesson 11),and then glide to the neutral [ə] sound (Lesson 6)with the lips falling back and jaw opening.开始时嘴唇向前突出，如同如“book”中发短元音[ʊ]（第11课），然后滑动到中性音[ə]（第6课），同时嘴唇回落，下颌张开。[ʊ ʊ ʊə] [ʊ ʊ ʊə] [ʊ ʊ ʊə]A69🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [ʊə] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ʊə]orpooor, moor, tour, jury, casual, lure, doururinsure, rural, assure, Drury, pluralewsewer, jewel, brewerFor Personal Use Only835. Diphthongs (8)Spelling variations forthe [jʊə] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [jʊə]urmanure, pure, mature, obscureuadual, fuel, manualwefewerA70🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.The immature jury was unsure and could no longer endure spurious assurances.2.Obscure rural moors allure Muriel more than luxurious jewels.3.Dour Mr. Ruhr was enduring the cure after his fiasco in amour.4.The pure girl was lured in the sewers by the furious steward.5.I assure you, the rural Yorkshire moors are worth visiting on your tour of Europe.A71🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.False is he whose vows alluringMake the listening echoes ring;Sweet and low when all-enduringAre the songs the lovers sing!For Personal Use Only845. Diphthongs (8)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only855. Diphthongs (8)5.7.Lesson 22: Diphthong [eə] as in “care”Speech organs position:Start with the vowel [e] as in “pet”,with the lips spreadand the front of the tonguea little bit lifted in the front of the mouth.Then the tongue relaxes back into theneutral [ə] position and thelips become floppy and loose.从元音[e]开始，如“pet”中的发音嘴唇张开,舌头前部在口腔前方稍微抬起然后舌头放松回到中性[ə]位置，嘴唇变得松弛放松[e e eə] [e e eə] [e e eə]A72🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [eə] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [eə]airrepair, fairy, despair, flair, mayor, peara before rprecarious, scarcely, vicarious, nefarious, careFor Personal Use Only865. Diphthongs (8)Spelling variations forthe [eə] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [eə]arescares, square, careless, compare, beware, glareFor Personal Use Only875. Diphthongs (8)A73🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Please, take care of our heir! But beware, he can be unbearable.2.I compared my questionnaire with Clare’s and fell into despair as I become aware that my questionnaire was ratherbare.3.I cannot dare nor be able to bear an affair with a married man.4.I like to wear my hair groomed with care.5.I’m prepared to swear that the Mayor rarely shared a hare.6.Take care! These chairs have had their fair share of wear and tear.A74🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Oh! Chancellor unwary,Your attitude is vary!Your badinage so airy,Your manner arbitrary,Are out of placeWhen face to faceWith an influential Fairy.For Personal Use Only885. Diphthongs (8)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only895. Diphthongs (8)5.8.Lesson 23: Diphthong [aʊ] as in “cow”Speech organs position:Starting with an open jaw position,a relaxed tongue and relaxed lips;the sound is made in the front of the mouth,like in [a:] vowel (Lesson 1).Then the jaw closes and the lips come forward,the tongue rises at the back ofthe mouth for [ʊ] as in “book” (Lesson 13).从下颌张开的位置开始，舌头放松，嘴唇放松；声音在口腔前部发出，就像[a:]元音（第1课）。然后下颌闭合，嘴唇向前突出，舌头在口腔后部上升，发出[u]的音，如“book”中的发音（第13课）。[a a aʊ] [a a aʊ] [a a aʊ]For Personal Use Only905. Diphthongs (8)A75🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [ou] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ou]oufound, mouse, sprout, bounce, shout, loud, doubt, scout, mountain, thousand, fountainowprow, trowel, vowel, owl, now, endow, flowerA76🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.No doubt we can find thousands of flowers in the Swiss mountains.2.How now brown cow.3.I saw a clown shouting in the town.4.Here lies the body of Jonathan Pound who was last seen at sea and never found.5.The loud sound of the hounds confounded the brown mouse.6.With a shout, the boy found a thousand pounds to the south of the town.For Personal Use Only915. Diphthongs (8)A77🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Teddy worried aboutThe fact that he was rather stout.But now he is proud of being short and stout.Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only926. Semi-Vowels (2)6.Semi-Vowels (2)6.1.Lesson 24: Semi-vowel [j] as in “yacht”Semi-vowels are neither vowels nor consonants. The speech organs start as if you make a pure single vowel, but instead ofmaking that sound, they immediately move to another sound.Speech organs position:[j] as in “yes”:The tip of the tongue behind the bottom teeth.The front of the tongue comes high in the mouth,as if you’re going to say [i:], as in feet.But before you can say [i:],the front of the tongue drops rapidly to the neutral orschwa position [ə] and it’s that movement coming downthat forms the sound [j].[j]，如“yes”中的发音：舌尖位于下牙后方。舌头前部在口腔中抬高 ，就像你要发[i:]音，如“feet”中的发音。[i:]音之前，舌头前部迅速下降到中性或音标[ə]的位置，正是这个下降的动作形成了[j]的音。[j j j]For Personal Use Only936. Semi-Vowels (2)B1🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [j] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [j]yyoung, yes, you, yesterday, yard, yarnuuse, argue, value, duty, huge, assume, refuse, confuse, unisexewnew, fewerB2🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Yesterday, we had to queue to get into Kew.2.I refuse to argue with You. Excuse me, I have duties to pursue.3.I was confused that the bank refused to accept my Euros.4.The youth yelled out, “I Yearn to go to York!”5.You knew Yesterday’s news about the European yachts tour, didn’t you?6.In the European union, the sound of beautiful music is not unique.For Personal Use Only946. Semi-Vowels (2)B3🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Love that no wrong can cure,Love that is always new,Love that will aye endure,Though the rewards be few,That is the love that’s pure,That is the love that’s true!For Personal Use Only956. Semi-Vowels (2)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only966. Semi-Vowels (2)6.2.Lesson 25: Semi-vowel [w] as in “want”Speech organs position:The lips start as if they are going to say [u:],as in “blue”(Lesson 2), but before they canactually form the long vowel [u:],they shoot back once againto a neutral schwa position(Lesson 6), and it’s the soundthat is caused by the lips movingback that makes the [w].Project the lips well forward.The sound is fully vocalized.嘴唇起初摆出要发[u:]音的姿势（如“blue”中的发音第2课），但在真正形成长元音[u:]之前，嘴唇会迅速回缩到中性弱化元音的位置（第6课）。正是嘴唇回缩时产生的气流形成了[w]音。发音时嘴唇要充分前突，这个音是完全浊化的。For Personal Use Only976. Semi-Vowels (2)B4🎧 Repeat once from left to right:wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwFor Personal Use Only986. Semi-Vowels (2)B5🎧 Repeat each line four times:1.Wil you?2.Wil you wait?3.Will you wait for Willy?4.Wil you wait for Willy and Winnie?5.Wil you wait for Wily and Winnie Williams?B6🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [w] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [w]wwax, wolf, work, wait, want, watch, weatherwhwhale, wheel, whetheru after qqueen, quench, quantityoonce, someoneFor Personal Use Only996. Semi-Vowels (2)B7🎧 Words: contrasts with [v] and [w]vwvwvetwetvealwheelvestwestvendwendvealewhaleventwentvainwaneverseworseviawirevilewhilevinewinevimwhimB8🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.will you be required to work in westwood on wednesdays?2.I wondered whether any one of you were willing to acquire our exquisite wines.3.The qualitative results were not what we wanted from our quantifiable questionnaire questions.4.Every one would want to have as a wife a wondrous wise woman with beautiful eyes.5.A welshman in wellington boots wandered into the woods with his cool dudes.6.He won the award for having won the world’s worst worsted waistcoat.For Personal Use Only1006. Semi-Vowels (2)B9🎧 VersesInstructions: Copy the intonation and modulate the voice after the CD.we are blind, and we would see;we are bound, and we would be free;we are dumb, and we would talk;we are lame, and we would walk.Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only1017. Plosive Consonants (6)7.Plosive Consonants (6)7.1.Lesson 26: Plosive consonants unvoiced [p] as in “pack” and voiced [b] as in “big”When producing plosives the passage of the air is completely blocked by two speech organs coming together somewherebetween the throat and the lips. Pressure is compressed behind them pushing the air.When the speech organs are suddenly released that trapped air which was completely pressed behind the blockage shootsout, and we hear a little explosion, that sound creates the consonant.Speech organs position:[p] and its partner [b] are made with the lips blocking thepassage of the air. [p] is made purely with breath; [b] ismade exactly the same way, but you vibrate the vocal chordsto make a sound. If you block the passage of the air for a splitsecond before you make [p], you can feel a little pressurebehind the blockage and then you release it. Add voice tothat explosion and you get [b]. Sharp, quick sounds.[p]和它的搭档[b]都是通过嘴唇阻断气流形成的。[p]是纯粹用气息发出的；[b]的发音方式完全相同，但需要振动声带发声。如果在发[p]前先瞬间阻断气流，你能感觉到阻塞后方产生一点压力，然后突然释放。在这个爆破音上加入声带振动，就得到了[b]。这两个都是短促清脆的音。For Personal Use Only1027. Plosive Consonants (6)B10🎧 Repeat once from left to right:ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppB11🎧 Words for unvoiced [p] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.plate, place, pantry, parsley, perform, public, present, print, impromptu, pleasant, place, personal, property, precipitateFor Personal Use Only1037. Plosive Consonants (6)B12🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.The pact on “privacy of personal property” was printed in the paper.2.He gave a poor explanation of the possibility of postponing the preliminary plans to put a new production managerin place.3.paul’s preposterous impromptu performance was pretty personal and lacked propriety.4.penelope promoted a healthy peasant appearance in her new spring compilation.5.Although pizzas are popular, most people prefer pretzels.6.pease porridge hot, pease porridge cold, pease porridge in the pot nine days old.B13🎧 Tongue-twisterListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Peter PiPer Picked a Peck of Pickled PeppersA Peck of Pickled Peppers Peter Piper PickedIf Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled PeppersWhere’s the Peck of Pickled Peppers Peter PiperPicked?For Personal Use Only1047. Plosive Consonants (6)B14🎧 Articulation exerciseListen and repeat, keeping consonants clear and crisp.A complicated gentleman allow me to present,Of all the arts and faculties a terse embodiment:A great arithmetician, who can demonstrate with ease,That two and two are three or five, or anything you please:An eminent logician, who can make it clear to youThat black is white - when looked at from theproper point of view:A marvellous philologist, who’ll undertake to show,That “yes” is but another form of “no”.B15🎧 Repeat once from left to right:bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbFor Personal Use Only1057. Plosive Consonants (6)B16🎧 Words for voiced [b]Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target soundbbring, baby, Bob, snob, bomb, balmNasal plosioncabman, submit, submarine, sob noisilyLabial and lateral plosionbabble, trouble, gobble, table, doubleB17🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.bill bobby bought a big black cab and became a troubled cabman.2.The bible on the table belonged to brenda blenkin.3.It was brilliant bursting bubbles in their billions during the ball in belgravia.4.bobby and brenda saw a black bat and a big bumble bee at a barbecue with their neighbours.5.The blackbird built a beautiful big nest.For Personal Use Only1067. Plosive Consonants (6)B18🎧 Comparison: [p] and [b]pbpocketbucketpiecebeesporkbarkpointboiledpantherbenderpassportbuzzwordB19🎧 Tongue-twister: the voiced [b] soundInstructions: Copy the intonation and modulate the voice after the CD.betty botter bought some butter,but, she said the butter’s bitter; If I put it in my batterIt will make my batter bitter,but a bit of better butter,That would make my batter better.For Personal Use Only1077. Plosive Consonants (6)B20🎧 Articulation exerciseInstructions: Make consonants clear and crisp.Bibby Bobby bought a bat; Bibby Bobby bought a ball,With that bat he banged the ball, banged it bump against the wall,But so boldly Bobby banged, soon he burst the rubber ball.Boo sobbed Bobby, goodbye ball. Bad luck, Bobby, bad luck ball.Now to drown his many troubles, Bibby Bobby’s blowing bubbles!For Personal Use Only1087. Plosive Consonants (6)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only1097. Plosive Consonants (6)7.2.Lesson 27: Plosive consonants unvoiced [t] as in “tent” and voiced [d] as in “dog”Speech organs position:Sounds are made with the tip of the tongue going up tothe alveolar ridge, the gummed ridge behind the top teeth.There is a blockage for a split second; the tongue tip comesdown sharply, the breath escapes and we get [t]. Add soundand we get [d].B21🎧 Repeat once from left to right:ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttFor Personal Use Only1107. Plosive Consonants (6)B22🎧 Words: unvoiced [t] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.ten, tiny, tortoise, taught, try, test, text, flute, tutor, tots, turn,table, tennis, trot, tumultuous, tactless, terrific, traffic, totalitarianB23🎧 Sentences: unvoiced [t] sound1.Students taught by a private tutor from Eton passed all university tests with outstanding results.2.Little tots were shocked by the tumultuous shouting sound of the waters.3.When playing table tennis, take turns every thirty minutes to avoid fatigue.4.try to teach tots with tolerance and tact.5.the river trent tends to be a trickle rather than a torrent.B24🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.timothy titus took two tiesto tie two tulips to two tall trees,terrify the terrible thomas and tullamees.For Personal Use Only1117. Plosive Consonants (6)B25🎧 Repeat once from left to right:ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddB26🎧 Words: voiced [d] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.diligent, drought, durable, did, done, drill, drag, dwell, dangerous,damage, diminish, diversified, dandruff, downdraft, dedicateFor Personal Use Only1127. Plosive Consonants (6)B27🎧 Comparison: [t] and [d][t][d]cartcardtelldwellwriteridetreedreamtroutdroughttartbardB28🎧 Sentences: voiced [d] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.dunhill’s due diligence revealed double standards in the production of different brands.2.douglas’ daughter deborah turned out to be a distinguished dancer.3.I’ve studied the documentation for the new kidney drug in detail.4.The dedicated student devoted to drama achieved dramatic results of immense depth.5.duke douglas dealt mainly with ducks and drakes.For Personal Use Only1137. Plosive Consonants (6)B29🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Tormented with the anguish dreadOf falsehood unatoned,I lay upon my sleepless bed,And tossed and turned and groaned.B30🎧 Articulation exerciseListen and repeat, keeping consonants clear and crisp.What a to do to die today at a minute or two to twoA thing distinctly hard to say but harder still to doFor they’ll beat a tattoo at twenty to two a Ra ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta tooAnd the dragon will come when he hears the drumAt a minute or two to two today at a minute or two to two.For Personal Use Only1147. Plosive Consonants (6)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only1157. Plosive Consonants (6)7.3.Lesson 28: Plosive consonants unvoiced [k] as in “kind” and voiced [g] as in “gloss”Speech organs position:The tip of the tongue behind the bottom teeth, it’s the backof the tongue going right up to make contact with the softpalate at the back of the roof of the mouth, and that formsthe blockage. Then let the tongue come down and the airescapes in that little explosion and you get [k]; add voiceand you get [g].B31🎧 Repeat once from left to right:kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkFor Personal Use Only1167. Plosive Consonants (6)B32🎧 Words: the unvoiced [k] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [k] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [k]ksketch, keep, kenya, ketchup, key, kindqquite, quick, request, squeeze, antiqueccat, curious, magic, uncle, historical, holisticchcharismatic, stomach, chemist, chaos, chordB33🎧 Sentences: the unvoiced [k] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.kurt can’t keep his cool when criticised by his uncle.2.Catastrophic repercussions concerning chaotic confusion in clerical circles were kept quiet.3.For a snack Cliff had crunchy crisps, cake with creamy custard and a cup of milky coffee.4.Charismatic Clara was keen to wear kinky clothes.5.Constance collected coins and costumes from Canada and Cambodia.For Personal Use Only1177. Plosive Consonants (6)B34🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.There was a crooked man,And he walked a crooked mile,He found a crooked sixpenceAgainst a crooked stile;He bought a crooked cat,Which caught a crooked mouse,And they all lived togetherIn a little crooked house.B35🎧 Repeat once from left to right:ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggFor Personal Use Only1187. Plosive Consonants (6)B36🎧 Words: voiced [g] soundSpelling variations forthe [k] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [k]gguessed, guard, ghost, plague, glue, struggle, angle, single, signal, languagex-[gz]exact, examination, exaggerate, exert, exasperate, existingB37🎧 Comparison: [k] and [g][k][g]creasygrazerequestrugbyclimaxglasscoastghostcongoneFor Personal Use Only1197. Plosive Consonants (6)B38🎧 Sentences: voiced [g] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way1.Gladys glanced at graham and gave him a vague giggle.2.Grace struggled with her greek grammar exam and was glad to get a great grade.3.Gilbert green is no longer a single guy.4.Gracious Gloria gazed at the exaggerated gleaming globe.5.“Good gracious,” the grey ghost said, “the fog is getting thicker.”B39🎧 Tongue-twisterListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Three grey geese in a green field grazing,Green were the geese and green was the grazingFor Personal Use Only1207. Plosive Consonants (6)B40🎧 Articulation exerciseListen and repeat, keeping consonants clear and crisp.ptptptptktktktktptktptktptktptktbdbdbdbdgdgdgdgdbdgdbdgdbdgdbdgdFor Personal Use Only1217. Plosive Consonants (6)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only1228. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)8.Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)8.1.Lesson 29: Nasal consonant [m] as in “monk”Description o f nasal consonants:Two blockages to make the breath go straight into the nose. First of all the most important blockage is at the soft palatewhich is right at the back of the roof of the mouth; it actually is lowered, so that it stops the breath from coming from thelungs and the throat into the mouth and it has to c o m e up and out of the nose. At the s a m e time we have three littlepositions of the speech organs which also form the blockage in the case of: [m], [n] and [ŋ].Speech organs position:[m]: the lips come together,so that the breath cannot escape;the sound is produced in the nose.B41🎧 Words: the [m] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.move, immortal, comb, smoke, asthma, prism, melody, maverick,melancholic, manchester, mirror, monster, mimosa, meaningFor Personal Use Only1238. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)B42🎧 Sentences: the [m] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.The manager from manchester recommended making more money.2.Mozart’s melancholic melodies have bottomless meaning.3.“The moon looks like a mottled melon,” murmured Mark.4.Margaret must be on time for her morning lessons in mime.5.1 mobiles made in malaysia meet the needs of the most demanding of customers.6.Minnie Mouse was moving to the chasm in the marble mausoleum.B43🎧 Tongue-twister: the [m] soundListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Hie to the market, mimi come trot,Spilt all her butter milk, every drop.Every drop and every dram,mimi came home with an empty can.For Personal Use Only1248. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)B44🎧 Articulation exerciseListen and repeat, keeping consonants clear and crisp.My boy you may take it from me,That of all the afflictions accursedWith which a man’s saddled and hampered and addled,A diffident nature’s the worst.Though clever as clever can beA Crichton of early romanceYou must stir it and stump it and blow your own trumpet,Or trust me you haven’t a chance!Now take for example my caseI’ve a bright intellectual brainIn all London city there’s no one so witty -I thought so again and again.I’ve a highly intelligent face -My features cannot be denied -But whatever I try, Sir, I fail in, and why Sir?I’m modesty personified!For Personal Use Only1258. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only1268. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)8.2.Lesson 30: Nasal consonants [n] as in “nun”Speech organs position:The tip of the tongue is on the alveolar ridge, but the softpalate coming down, the sound is produced in the nose.Keep the tongue still while making the sound and thenrelax.B45🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [n] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [n]nnoble, nunnery, nimble, naughty, nine, never, nest, lawn, dawn, upon, down, penny, again, sonknknickers, knit, knowledge, knownFor Personal Use Only1278. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)B46🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Nina wouldn’t give her phone number to just anyone.2.I neither understand nor instantly admire ignorant, narrow-minded, opinionated men without inner fire.3.Anne finds the news from foreign countries informative and interesting.4.Naughty nick sneaked off to Aunt Annie’s barn and napped till noon like a baboon.5.At nine in the morning, the train for nottingham comes down the line.6.Neither nina nor nita needed new knitted knickersB47🎧 VerseListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.For every evil under the sun,There is a remedy or there is none.If there be one, try and find it;If there be none, never mind it.For Personal Use Only1288. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only1298. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)8.3.Lesson 31: Nasal consonants [ŋ] as in “king”Speech organs position:The tip of the tongue is down behind the bottom teeth, butthe back of the tongue goes up to the soft palate, forming ablockage.B48🎧 Words: the [ŋ] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [ŋ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ŋ]ngwing, sing, sung, ring, hang, bring, cling, sting, among, tongue, nothing, sailing, railingn before kthink, wink, bank, honkFor Personal Use Only1308. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)B49🎧 Sentences: the [ŋ] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.The young singer was singing a rousing song.2.At the beginning of this morning’s class we were practicing tongue exercises.3.Without thinking, the King swung on the bell and it rang with a ting-a-ling.4.Paying rent, commuting, eating and drinking has been taking all the money I was earning from typing, writing andpublicising.5.Supposing he is coming for a meeting, will you be telling him about separating and leaving Hastings?B50🎧 Verse: the [ŋ] soundListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Gaily tripping,Lightly skipping,Flock the maidens to the shipping.Flags and guns and pennants dipping!Al the ladies love the shipping.For Personal Use Only1318. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only1328. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)8.4.Lesson 32: Nasal plosions [tn̩] as in “cotton” and [dn̩] as in “garden”Speech organs position:When the nasal consonant [n] is preceded by either of theplosive consonants [t] or [d], the tip of the tongue stays onthe alveolar ridge while the sounds are made at the sametime and the breath escapes from the nose.B51🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.tn̩mutton, cotton, button, eaten, Eton, threaten, kitten, curtain, certain, heighten, tighten,fatten, frighten, beatendn̩hidden, burden, sadden, Haydn, pardon, sudden, madden, maiden, gladden, harden, suddenly,garden, modernFor Personal Use Only1338. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)B52🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.[tn̩]1.For my graduation from Eton, I certainly need a nice white cotton shirt with buttons.2.The police threatened to tighten the rules for entering the country.3.You must always be certainto tighten the cords when hanging your curtains.[dn̩]1.I would be glad to get rid of some burdens of our modern life.2.A frightened maiden has been hidden in the rear garden.3.Haydn is not a modern composer but his music will either sadden, gladden or madden you.For Personal Use Only1348. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)B53🎧 VerseListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Three little kittensThey lost their mittens,And they began to cry:Oh, mother dear,We sadly fearOur mittens we have lost.What! Lost your mittens,You naughty kittens!Then you shall have no pie.For Personal Use Only1358. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)B54🎧 Articulation exerciseListen and repeat, keeping consonants clear and crisp.Major-GeneralI am the very model of a modern Major-GeneralI’ve information vegetable, animal and mineral.I know the kings of England and I quote the fights historicalFrom Marathon to Waterloo, in order categorical;I’m very well acquainted too with matters mathematical.I understand equations, both the simple and quadratical,About binomial theorem I’m teeming with a lot of news -With many cheerful facts about the square of the hypotenuse.I’m very good at integral and differential calculus;I know the scientific names of beings animalculous;In short, in matters vegetable, animal and mineral,I am the very model of a modern Major-General.For Personal Use Only1368. Nasal Consonants (3) and Nasal Plosions (2)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only1379. Lateral Consonants (1) and Lateral Plosions (2)9.Lateral Consonants (1) and Lateral Plosions (2)9.1.Lesson 33: Lateral consonant [l] as in “London”Speech organs position:Air escapes out of the side of the tongue. The tip of thetongue is on the alveolar ridge and the back of the tonguedown; the breath has to come out of the side of the tongueto escape.B55🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.leave, last, letter, love, lend, alone, allow, silly, chilly, fellow,shallow, holy, hollow, believe, place, plastic, blame, blue, blood,glue, glow, click, cloth, clumsy, clubFor Personal Use Only1389. Lateral Consonants (1) and Lateral Plosions (2)B56🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Millions of letters, I believe, can be easily lost due to Royal Mail faults.2.Luminous lamps light the whole hall marvellously.3.Luke’s ludicrous letters to lucia are unbelievable.4.She looked supple and elegant in her black Channel jacket.5.Red leather, yellow leather, red leather, yellow leather.6.Failure to calculate the yield of the field made the clever lad ill.B57🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.The Nightingale told his taleIn his own melodious way!The lowly valeFor the mountain vainly sighed,To his humble wailThe echoing hills replied.For Personal Use Only1399. Lateral Consonants (1) and Lateral Plosions (2)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only1409. Lateral Consonants (1) and Lateral Plosions (2)9.2.Lesson 34: Lateral plosions [tl̩] as in “little” and [dl̩] as in “candle”Speech organs position:When the lateral consonant [l] is preceded by either of theplosive consonants [t] or [d], the tip of the tongue stayson the alveolar ridge while the two sounds are made atthe same time and the breath escapes from the sides of thetongue.B58🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.tl̩cattle, subtle, settle, rattle, total, mental, gentle, kettle, battle, brittle, metal, mettle, capital, vital,gentlemen, littledl̩riddle, saddle, cuddle, candle, noodle, meddle, medal, bundle, pedal, tidal, fiddle, handle, poodle,paddle, middle, bridalFor Personal Use Only1419. Lateral Consonants (1) and Lateral Plosions (2)B59🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.tl̩1.It is vital for a gentleman to be subtle.2.Gentlemen, let’s estimate the total capital gain from our Seattle metal factory sale.3.Little Lilly is so silly to fall in love with little Billy.4.The noise of the pistols in the battle caused the cattle to be unsettled.dl̩1.Give a cuddle to that little poodle!2.For our bridal candle-lit supper we enjoyed Thai noodles.3.Paddling to the middle of the tidal river deserves a bundle of medals.For Personal Use Only1429. Lateral Consonants (1) and Lateral Plosions (2)B60🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Doctor Fridle went to BriddleIn a shower of rain;He stepped in a puddle,Right up to his middle,And never went there again.Of a little take a little,You are kindly welcome too;Of a little leave a little,This matters so to do.For Personal Use Only1439. Lateral Consonants (1) and Lateral Plosions (2)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only14410. Fricative consonants (10)10.Fricative consonants (10)10.1.Lesson 35: Fricative consonants unvoiced [f] as in “fun” and voiced [v] as in “value”Description of the fricative consonants:The passage of the air is not blocked completely; it is narrowed by two speech organs coming very close together, so thebreath has to squeeze its way past and as it squeezes through the small gap sets a little bit of friction, and that friction createsa sound.Speech organs position:It’s the top teeth which gently make contact with thebottom lip. The air can squeeze past. Without any sound itforms [f] as in “fish”; add sound to that, and you get [v].For Personal Use Only14510. Fricative consonants (10)B61🎧 Words: the unvoiced [f] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [f] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [f]ffeast, first, cleft, lift, fantasy, fantastic, finishftsoften, oftenphpharmacy, phone, photograph, philosophy, physics, philharmonicghrough, tough, laughB62🎧 Sentences: the unvoiced [f] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.formidable Ralph was a true philanthropist; in fact, he often improved the life of those who felt left out.2.philip made an effort to find his girlfriend’s favourite fuchsia flowers.3.An old fisherman laughed when he caught five fresh fish.4.frosty frost in the fridge was freezing; we needed to fix some fuel to defrost the fish fingers.5.The fifty friends from far-flung foreign lands formed a fraternity.For Personal Use Only14610. Fricative consonants (10)B63🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.freddy farmer went to frintonAnd went fishing in the fog.When he though he’d caught a fishIn fact he caught a frog!B64🎧 Words: the voiced [v] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.vote, virtue, develop, revive, vivacious, involve, arrive, convince,thrive, shove, vacuum, Steven, revival, vinegar, volume, velourFor Personal Use Only14710. Fricative consonants (10)B65🎧 Comparison: [f] and [v]Listen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.fvfatvatfilevilefailvaleshiftshoveeffortevidencefocusvovalB66🎧 Sentences: the unvoiced [f] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Effervescent vera tried to achieve marvellous results in vain.2.Vindictive vendors convinced naive Victor to buy overpriced velvet and velour.3.Vivacious Vivian loved to voice vigorous verses vociferously.4.Steven vainly viewed vast vales with vacant eyes.5.“There are very many varieties of vegetation on our veranda,” said vera.For Personal Use Only14810. Fricative consonants (10)B67🎧 Verses: the [v] soundListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.vera vaulted vainly over the garden wall,vera very nearly had a nasty fall.Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only14910. Fricative consonants (10)10.2.Lesson 36: Unvoiced consonant [θ] as in “think”Speech organs position:The tip of the tongue comes between top and bottom teethgently, breath squeezes past, we hear the unvoiced [0], as in“think”; add sound to the same process and you get [ð], asin “the”.B68🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.ththanks, three, third, thought, thumb, thing, thin, bath, breath, cloth, tenth, sixth, truth, both,author, arithmeticFor Personal Use Only15010. Fricative consonants (10)B69🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Three filthy looking thieves were hiding in the thicket of thorny thistle bushes.2.The author revealed the uncouth truth in his latest thriller.3.Thelma thought that theocratic thinking was thrilling.4.Arithmetical theorems come from thorough thinking of enthusiastic arithmeticians.5.One wealthy author only wrote the truth and not filth.B70🎧 Comparison: [t] and [θ]tθtaughtthoughttrickthicktinthinnotenorthmattmouthtradethreadwethearthFor Personal Use Only15110. Fricative consonants (10)B71🎧 Tongue-twisterListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.A thatcher of thatchwood went to thatcher a-thatching;Did the of thatcher of thatchwoo go to thatcher a-thatching ?If a thatcher of thatchwood went to thatcher a-thatching,Where is the thatching the thatcher of thatchwood has thatched?Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only15210. Fricative consonants (10)10.3.Lesson 37: Voiced consonant [ð] as in “mother”B72🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.though, that, therefore, than, bathe, with, smooth, clothe,soothe, breathe, father, other, gather, rather, further, eitherB73🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.this medicine is soothing for my rather sore back.2.I would rather buy this leather hat than that one with the feathers.3.My mother and father adore my younger brother for being rather smarter t h a n I.4.that brown leather coat is made of smoother leather than that black one in the window.5.the southerly wind blew this way and that across the Scottish heather.For Personal Use Only15310. Fricative consonants (10)B74🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.the soldiers of our Queen Are linked in friendly tether;Upon the battle scene they fight the foe together.there every mother’s son Prepared to fight and fall is;the enemy of one the enemy of all is!Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only15410. Fricative consonants (10)10.4.Lesson 38: Unvoiced [s] as in “son” and voiced [z] as in “zigzag”Speech organs position:air escapes through a narrow passage along the centre of the tongue which squeezes between the top of the tongue and thealveolar ridge and you get [s] as in “sip”; add sound and you get [z].B75🎧 Words: the unvoiced [s] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [s] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [s]sswan, base, chase, paradise, practise, promise, gas, atlas, takesscscientific, science, scentcfinance, cemetery, circumstances, receiveB76🎧 Sentences: the unvoiced [s] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Sort these books on the staircase as soon as you have a spare second.2.For supper, we’ve been served tasty sword fish with lemon sauce and succulent salad.3.The symphony seemed sad and sentimental.4.Simon saw seven silver swifts in the sea.5.Steven Smith stood seven foot six in his stocking feet.For Personal Use Only15510. Fricative consonants (10)B77🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Steven thought he sang so sweetly In his office everyday,But so tuneless was his singing He was paid to go away..B78🎧 Words: the voiced [z] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [z] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [z]zzoom, zealous, zip, zigzag, zoo, zurich, zinc, zebra, zero, zest, zimbabwesscissors, use, does, has, is, as, was, easy, busy, dogs, trees, plays, cleanseFor Personal Use Only15610. Fricative consonants (10)B79🎧 Comparison: [s] and [z]szdocksdogshatshomeshitshumscakeskegsnitsnunsbitsbibsB80🎧 Sentences: the voiced [z] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Wise Moses had most reasonable ideas.2.Joseph supposes that his toeses are roses.3.Zeta rode a zebra in zimbabwe.4.Ideas do not fall from the trees.5.Zoë spends pounds and pounds on snazzy shoes and gowns.6.The bee buzzes lazily on the pansies, daisies and roses.For Personal Use Only15710. Fricative consonants (10)B81🎧 Verses: the voiced [z] soundListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Scissors and string, scissors and string,When a man’s single he lives like a king.Needles and pins, needles and pins,When a man marries his trouble begins.Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only15810. Fricative consonants (10)10.5.Lesson 39: Unvoiced [ʃ] as in “shock” and voiced [ʒ] as in “vision”Speech organs position:The tongue tip near the bottom of the mouth. It is the front of the tongue that comes up to almost the alveolar ridge andthe little bit of hard palate next to it. As the breath squeezes past, we get Ul, as in “shall”; add sound and we get [ʒ], as in“measure”. The tongue tip does not come to the alveolar ridge for that.B82🎧 Words: the unvoiced [ʃ] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [ʃ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ʃ]shsheep, shirt, push, wish, fashion, cashierchmoustache, champagnes,sspressure, ssesion, Russia, sure, seanSpelling variations forthe [ʃə] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ʃə]cio,ciaspecial, delicious, malicious, suspicioustio,tiacondition, motion, nutritious, VenetianFor Personal Use Only15910. Fricative consonants (10)B83🎧 Sentences: the unvoiced [ʃ] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.I wish I shopped for shirts with fashionable sheila.2.I am under the suspicion that Russians can be quite emotional.3.During our special session on nutrition we wished to be served delicious dishes and champagne.4.Sean’s shiny shoes are made from shark skin.5.Malicious men with moustaches pressurised us to leave the ship.6.Shimmering and shining hair needs a conditioner and shampoo.B84🎧 Tongue-twister: the unvoiced [ʃ] soundListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.She sells seashells by the sea-shore;If she sells seashells by the sea-shore,Then I’m sure s h e sells sea-shore shells.For Personal Use Only16010. Fricative consonants (10)B85🎧 Words: the voiced [ʒ] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [ʒ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [ʒ]s before urmeasure, pleasure, casual, enclosures before iooccasion, decision, confusion, intrusion, collisiongprestige, garage, massage, beige, rougeB86🎧 Comparison: [ʃ] and [ʒ][ʃ][ʒ]conditioncollisionshoesunusualassurecasualviciousvisionvacationsoccasiondevotiondecisionFor Personal Use Only16110. Fricative consonants (10)B87🎧 Sentences: the voiced [ʒ] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Charles treasured the prestige of his house and disliked sudden intrusion.2.The pleasurable occasion ended in a judicial collision due to faulty vision.3.Disillusioned Giselle felt confusion regarding the disclosure of the family treasure.4.Watching television without measure can be a limiting pleasure.5.The girl usually uses red rouge but she decided to change to beige.B88🎧 Verse: the voiced [ʒ] soundListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Oh, marvellous illusion!Or, terrible surprise!What is this strange confusionThat veils my aching eyes?For Personal Use Only16210. Fricative consonants (10)B89🎧 Articulation exerciseListen and repeat, keeping consonants clear and crisp.In enterprise of martial kind,When there was any fighting,He led his regiment from behind -He found it less exciting.But when away his regiment run,His place was at the fore, O -That celebrated,Cultivated,UnderratedNobleman,The Duke of Plaza Toro!For Personal Use Only16310. Fricative consonants (10)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only16410. Fricative consonants (10)10.6.Lesson 40: Unvoiced consonant [h] as in “hat”…Speech organs position:The passage of breath is narrowed by moving the vocalchords from wide apart to close together. Friction is heardwhen the breath squeezes between them.B90🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.hhat, heat, hard, hurt, hideous, ahoy, behind, behave, perhaps, boyhood, rehearse, enhance,heather, heredity, inherit, adhere, dishearten, behalfwhwhoFor Personal Use Only16510. Fricative consonants (10)B91🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.On behalf of the whole group, we say a hearty hello.2.Behind his hideous behaviour, which was hurting us to the very heart, was his hard childhood.3.In case of a horrible headache, heat wholesome heather honey and inhale it.4.Heather inherited her father’s horrendously huge house in Hammersmith.5.Hungarian hunters on horses with hounds were horrified by hurricanes.6.“Who,” said Helen, “has eaten half of my honey cake?”B92🎧 VersesListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.henry harvey heaved a huge and heavy hammer,A huge and heavy hammer henry harvey heaved,If henry harvey heaved a huge and heavy hammer,Where’s the huge and heavy hammer henryharvey heaved?For Personal Use Only16610. Fricative consonants (10)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only16711. Affricates (2)11.Affricates (2)11.1.Lesson 41: The [r] sound as in “rat”Speech organs position:Tip of the tongue curling back in the roof of the mouth, justbehind the alveolar ridge, and the breath literally squeezespass.[r r r]For Personal Use Only16811. Affricates (2)B93🎧 Repeat once from left to right:[ru:rəʊrɔːrɑːreɪriː][pr u:prəʊprɔːprɑːpreɪpriː][spr u:sprəʊsprɔːsprɑːspreɪspriː][gr u:grəʊgrɔːgrɑːgreɪgriː][br u:brəʊbrɔːbrɑːbreɪbriː][fr u:frəʊfrɔːfrɑːfreɪfriː][θr u:θrəʊθrɔːθrɑːθreɪθriː]B94🎧 WordsListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.rrang, rest, road, rock, rascal, rescueprproof, proud, press, prank, pressuresprspread, sprawl, sprain, spring, sproutcrcrime, crawl, cruise, cry, crept, crossgrgrand, grain, grass, gravy, grows, grotbrbring, brave, break, brute, browsefrfry, frame, fright, frank, frost, freezethrthrift, threat, throb, through, thrillrborrow, sorrow, carry, worry, carriageFor Personal Use Only16911. Affricates (2)B95🎧 SentencesListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.Round and round the rugged rock, the ragged rascal ran.2.In spring, rome is really very pretty.3.Eose rochester’s role embraces preparation of the role profiles for regional sales reps.4.I rather prefer prawns on rye bread to greasy pork with gravy and rice.5.Riding round the narrow race-track, robert ran over a horrid brown rat.B96🎧 Tongue-twisterListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Robert rowley rolled a round roll round,A round roll robert rowley rolled round;Where rolled the round rollRobert rowley rolled round?For Personal Use Only17011. Affricates (2)Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only17112. Lesson 42: Affricates unvoiced [tʃ] as in “church” and voiced [dʒ] as in “gin”12.Lesson 42: Affricates unvoiced [tʃ] as in “church” and voiced [dʒ] as in “gin”Affricates are simply double consonants and they consist of one plosive consonant followed by one fricative consonant.They both have to match, they are either both unvoiced or both voiced.Speech organs position:[tʃ], as in “church”: plosive [t] as in “time”, made at exactly the same time as fricative consonant [ʃ] as in “shall”. They havethe position of both. Add sound and you get [d] allied with [ʒ] and you end up with the voiced [dʒ].B97🎧 Words: the [tʃ] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [tʃ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [tʃ]chchurch, churchill, chap, which, orchard, achievetchcatch, butcher, clutched, matched, Thatchert before uliterature, posture, moisturise, architectureFor Personal Use Only17212. Lesson 42: Affricates unvoiced [tʃ] as in “church” and voiced [dʒ] as in “gin”B98🎧 Sentences: the unvoiced [tʃ] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.The old church in chester represents the architecture of the eighteenth century.2.The lecture in Chinese literature was quite an adventure for the lecturer.3.For lunch, I had some chips with blue cheese followed by Chinese jasmine tea.4.We cheerfully chose chippendale chairs to match our charming antique furniture.5.They chased and searched for Charlie but they couldn’t catch him.B99🎧 Tongue-twister: the unvoiced [tʃ] soundListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.How much wood would a woodchuck chuckIf a woodchuck could chuck wood?For Personal Use Only17312. Lesson 42: Affricates unvoiced [tʃ] as in “church” and voiced [dʒ] as in “gin”B100🎧 Words: the [dʒ] soundListen and repeat. Look at the mouth diagram to help you position your lips, tongue and jaw for the target sound.Spelling variations forthe [tʃ] soundHighlighted bold letters pronounced as [tʃ]jjob, adjoin, joke, john, june, juvenile, rejectionggem, luggage, badger, ledger, george, courageB101🎧 Comparison: [tʃ] and [dʒ][tʃ][dʒ]churchjudgechapgypcheapginchunkjunkchoosejuicebatchbaggageadventureaverageFor Personal Use Only17412. Lesson 42: Affricates unvoiced [tʃ] as in “church” and voiced [dʒ] as in “gin”B102🎧 Sentences: the voiced [dʒ] soundListen and repeat. Read each sentence aloud slowly at first, then as if you were telling it to someone in a natural way.1.In june and july the weather is generally enjoyable in this region of Georgia.2.john was judging his wife for rejections in his marriage and his boss for injustice in his job.3.These gherkins with ginger and tomato juice from the jar are jolly good!4.Even an average judge charges too much!5.The marriage of Gerald and Gina was judged to be joyful.B103🎧 Verses: the voiced [dʒ] soundListen and copy the intonation and voice modulation on the CD.Yes, now I’m a Judge!Though all my law be fudge,Yet I’ll never, never budge,But I’ll live and die a Judge!And a good Judge too!For Personal Use Only17512. Lesson 42: Affricates unvoiced [tʃ] as in “church” and voiced [dʒ] as in “gin”B104🎧 Articulation exerciseListen and repeat, keeping consonants clear and crisp.Oh a private buffoon is a light hearted loon,If you listen to popular rumour.From the morn to the night he’s so joyous and brightAnd he bubbles with wit and good humour.He’s so quaint and so terse, both in prose and in verse,Yet though people forgive his transgressions,There are one or two rules that all Family FoolsMust observe if they love their profession.There are one or two rules, half a dozen maybeThat all Family Fools of whatever degree,Must observe, if they love their profession.For Personal Use Only17612. Lesson 42: Affricates unvoiced [tʃ] as in “church” and voiced [dʒ] as in “gin”Additional exercises:A: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often use when speaking English. Practice these words, thinking aboutyour lips, tongue and jaw positions for thetarget sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a B: Write down 4 words with the target sound that you often hear on TV, radio or from your friends/colleagues. Practice thesewords, thinking about your lips, tongue and jaw positions for the target sound.1.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4.a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a For Personal Use Only17713. Conclusion13.ConclusionVowels•Lean on long vowels and diphthongs; do not shorten them.•Usually, words with long vowels sound prominent and reflect the rhythm of the language.•Schwa is very short and unstressed. Very often vowels in unstressed position are pronounced as a schwa.•Semi-vowels [i] and [w] are fully vocalised.Consonants•Make the consonants sound crisp and sharp before and after short vowels.•Energetically enunciate fricatives [f-v, θ-ð, ʃ-ʒ, s-z, h] and plosives [t-d, p-b, k-g]; pronounce them with aspiration.•Don’t over-pronounce consonants, avoid pronouncing them harshly; in words with long vowels put emphasis on longvowels rather than over-articulating the consonant.Sentence rhythm•Do not separate words in a sentence; glide from one word to another like in a song.•Stress the words which carry the most important meaning.•Usually words with long vowels are stressed and sound prominent.•Do not stress articles or prepositions; pronounce them with a schwa [ə].•Often, unstressed vowels are pronounced with a schwa [ə].For Personal Use Only17814. Maintaining correct pronunciation14.Maintaining correct pronunciationNow that you have practiced and trained your speech organs for English sounds, you’ve reached the stage where it’simportant to maintain correct pronunciation. Experience shows that it is easy to revert to your original foreign or regionalaccent if you do not continue making an effort to pronounce correctly.Follow the advice in order to maintain correct pronunciation:1.Avoid speaking in your native language. Speaking in your native language will prevent you from memorising the correctplacement of the speech organs and developing the speech organ muscles for the English sounds.2.Avoid speaking too fast, pronounce every syllable. Many people are not able to make clear sounds when speaking rapidlyand these lead to indistinct or ‘woolly’ speech“.3.Do the warm-up exercise on page 129 for about 10 minutes every day.4.Sounds which are particularly difficult for you to pronounceneed to be practiced every day until you pronounce them correctly. See page 132.1.Read newspapers, magazines and books out loud. Audio books are fantastic to listen to and to imitate the correctpronunciation.2.Do regular weekly recording exercises:•Record yourself reading,•Listen to your tape,•Make a note of sounds where you made a mistake in pronunciation,•Practice the sounds where you made a mistake with this book.3.Learn poems and read them expressively; modulate your voice.4.Go to the theatre. Many actors will be using RP in their performances and provide a great example to followFor Personal Use Only17914. Maintaining correct pronunciation5.Join public speaking clubs such as Toastmasters, literature societies and book clubs where you can continue to improveyour speech. See www.earlybirdspeakers.co.uk for information.For Personal Use Only18015. Warm-up exercises15.Warm-up exercisesTongue exercisesInstructions: All exercises to be repeated 4 times.1.Point the tongue, holding it still. Then relax the tongue.2.Point the tongue. Circle very slowly once to right. Repeat to left.3.Point the tongue. Circle 3 times quickly to right. Then left.4.Stretch the tongue towards the nose, then the chin.5.With tip of tongue behind bottom teeth, push back of tongue forwards and backwards.6.Flick pointed tongue sideways, touching corners of lips. Gradually quicken.7.Tap tip of the tongue against alveolar (teeth ridge. Repeat and quicken.8.Finish off with rhythm exercises for [t], [d], [l], [k] and [g] sounds.Example from B21Lip exercisesInstructions: All exercises to be repeated 4 times.1.With teeth closed, spread lips back to a broad smile, and then bring forward to a tight [u:] position as in “June”.2.Repeat exercise 1, but with jaw open about 1″ (2.5 cm).3.Make a chewing motion in all directions.4.Keeping the bottom lip still, raise top lip towards nostrils. Bring lips together again. Quicken.For Personal Use Only18115. Warm-up exercises5.Keeping top lip still, move bottom lip down. Bring lips together again. Quicken.6.Move top and bottom lips alternately. Quicken.7.To relax the lips, blow through them very gently.8.Finish off with rhythm exercises for [p], [b], [m] and [w] sounds. For example, exercise B10 , B15 or B4We have organised consonants according to the contact of two speech organs.Instructions: All exercises to be repeated 3 times.C1🎧 Two lips coming together[m]Matthew and Michael were masters of mime and movement.[p] unvoicedPercival Pratt was permanently playing ping-pong at Portsmouth.[b] voicedThe brace of brown birds was bagged by Billy Butler.For Personal Use Only18215. Warm-up exercises[w]I wondered why you wandered away when it would have been better to have waited.C2🎧 Back of the tongue and soft palate[k] unvoicedKenneth Kent was clerk to the court at Cambridge.[g] voicedGlorious Gainer galloped gaily round the gravel track.[ŋ]They sang a song, but the song they sang was wrong.C3🎧 Tip of the tongue and alveolar ridge[t] unvoicedTimothy made tentative attempts at playing tennis.For Personal Use Only18315. Warm-up exercises[d] voicedDennis was delighted with his double damask dressing gown.[n] soundNearly every Sunday and Monday night, Nadia sings nautical songs.[l]The lanky Lord of London built a castle and a mill.[tl̩]Fill the little metal kettle from the bottle in the ante-natal hospital.[dl̩]Don’t fiddle with the middle bundle of candles.[tn̩]Mother threatened to frighten the kitten if it ate the mutton.[dn̩]The maiden subdenly discovered the hidden garden.For Personal Use Only18415. Warm-up exercises[s] unvoicedSimply sumptuous snacks satisfy simple souls.[z] voicedPrize-winning azaleas surprise a dozen dozy damsels.[r]Three red lorries drove over the rusty railway bridge.C4🎧 Lower Lip and Upper Teeth[f] unvoicedRalph was rough and tough but also fearless and frank.[v] voicedVirtually everyone voted to leave the village undeveloped.C5🎧 Tip of the tongue and Upper teethFor Personal Use Only18515. Warm-up exercises[θ] unvoicedMathematical theories and mythical figures mix maths and myths.[ð] voicedThe body writhed and seethed with rage while being bathed by his loathsome motherC6🎧 Tip and blade of the tongue on alveolar ridge[tʃ] unvoicedThe church warden chose the cheap cheese rather than the much richer lamb chops.[dʒ] voicedGeorge had the courage to say that the porridge was average.C7🎧 Blade of the tongue on front palate[ʃ] unvoicedMachine-made shoes should surely be shown in shoe shop windows.For Personal Use Only18615. Warm-up exercises[ʒ] voicedAfter the collision I made a decision to drive to the garage and park with precision.C8🎧 Breath and vocal chords[h] In Hampstead, Hastings and Hounslow, hamsters have been harassed.For Personal Use Only18716. Difficulties in pronunciation of the speakers of world languages16.Difficulties in pronunciation of the speakers of world languagesAs was outlined in the introduction, existence of an accent can be explained by the fact that some English sounds do notexist in your native language, and your speech organs are not trained for them. Therefore these sounds may represent aparticular difficulty in pronunciation. Below we list speakers of world languages and their particular difficulties.Main worldlanguageKey countries whereit is spokenParticularly difficultEnglish soundsRecommendationsChineseChina,Malaysia,Singapore[θ],[ð] [r]Articulation exercises,particularly fricative consonants,give enough time to every syllable;connect sounds togetherFor Personal Use Only18817. Glossary17.Glossary•General‣Articulation - The exercising and thus strengthening of the speech organs to produce sharp, crisp consonants, leadingto good clear diction.‣Intonation - The rise and fall of the voice in speaking.‣International Phonetic Alphabet - An alphabet of symbols representing sounds.‣Phonetics - The science concerned with the study of speech processes, including the production, reception and analysisof speech sounds.‣Voice Modulation - Variation in the strength, tone or pitch of one’s voice.•Sounds‣Vowels - A vowel is a voiced sound which has a free passage of breath through the mouth and is shaped by differentpositions of the lips and tongue. There are twelve pure English vowels - five long and seven short.‣Diphthongs - A diphthong is a voiced sound consisting of two vowel sounds glided together. There are eight diphthongsin English.‣Triphthongs - A triphthong is a voiced sound consisting of three vowel sounds glided together. There are threetriphthongs in English.‣Semi-vowels - Speech organs start in the position of one vowel and immediately move to another vowel. e.g. [w], [j].For Personal Use Only18917. Glossary•Consonants - A consonant is a sound formed by partially or completely stopping the breath stream anywhere betweenthe larynx and the lips. There are several categories of consonants:1.Plosives - The passage is completely blocked by speech organs, pressure is built up, and on sudden release an explosivesound or “plosion” is heard. e.g. [p]-[b], [t]-[d], [k]-[g]2.Glottal Stop - A sound made when the vocal chords are closed tightly, not allowing air to flow through (like holdingyour breath or lifting something heavy).3.Nasal - A sound formed by complete closure of the mouth, the soft palate being lowered, so that air is free to pass outthrough the nose. e.g. [m], [n], [ŋ].4.Lateral - Air escapes round the sides of a blockage (tip of the tongue on the alveolar ridge). e.g. [l].5.Fricatives - The air passage is narrowed so that the air in escaping produces audible friction or a kind of hissing sound.[f]-[v],[s]-[z],[h],[r],[θ]-[ð],[ʃ]-[ʒ]6.Affricates - Have the first part Plosives folloowed immediatelyby the second part Fricative. e.g. [tʃ]-[dʒ]For Personal Use Only190